Energy, Minerals, and the Physical Stack Behind AI
Erin Price-Wright speaks with Turner Caldwell and Drew Baglino about what it will take to close America's critical minerals gap and modernize the power infrastructure that underpins the AI economy. With the US more than 50 years behind China in critical mineral supply and grid infrastructure built on systems designed a century ago, they examine where the real bottlenecks are and how to move faster.
The conversation covers how automation, reinforcement learning, and vertically integrated operations can compress the timelines for mining and refining, and why co-locating supply chains matters more than labor costs in the race to reshore manufacturing. Baglino explains how solid state transformers can replace aging mechanical grid equipment with silicon and software, while Caldwell outlines how Mariana Minerals is applying autonomous systems to remove the know-how bottleneck from critical mineral processing.
They also discuss the lessons both founders carried from Tesla — techno-optimism, appetite for risk, and mission-driven talent — and what durable industrial policy, smarter permitting, and a federal grid investment framework would unlock for American competitiveness.
Resources:
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Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures.
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Andrej Karpathy: From Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering
Andrej Karpathy (co-founder of OpenAI, former head of AI at Tesla, and now founder of Eureka Labs) talks with Sequoia partner Stephanie Zhan at AI Ascent 2026 about what's changed in the year since he coined "vibe coding." He explains why he's never felt more behind as a programmer, why agentic engineering is the more serious discipline taking shape on top of vibe coding, and why we should think of LLMs not as animals but as ghosts: jagged, statistical, summoned entities that require a new kind of taste and judgment to direct. He also touches on Software 3.0, the limits of verifiability, and why you can outsource your thinking but never your understanding.
How Radiant and Heron Are Rethinking Power Generation and Delivery
a16z general partners Erin Price-Wright and Erik Torenberg speak with Doug Bernauer, founder and CEO of Radiant, and Drew Baglino, founder and CEO of Heron, about rebuilding American energy infrastructure. They discuss portable micro nuclear reactors, solid state power electronics, why delivery rather than generation is the real bottleneck, the case for modular manufacturing, and whether data centers are actually good for the grid.
Resources:
Follow Doug Bernauer on X: https://twitter.com/DougBernauer
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Stay Updated:
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Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures.
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Andrej Karpathy on Code Agents, AutoResearch, and the Loopy Era of AI
What happens when AI agents can design experiments, collect data, and improve — without a human in the loop? Andrej Karpathy joins Sarah Guo on the state of models, the future of engineering and education, thinking about impact on jobs, and his project AutoResearch: where agents close the loop on a piece of AI research (experimentation, training, and optimization, autonomously).
00:00 Andrej Karpathy Introduction
02:55 What Capability Limits Remain?
06:15 What Mastery of Coding Agents Looks Like
11:16 Second Order Effects of Natural Language Coding
15:51 Why AutoResearch
22:45 Relevant Skills in the AI Era
28:25 Model Speciation
32:30 Building More Collaboration Surfaces for Humans and AI
37:28 Analysis of Jobs Market Data
48:25 Open vs. Closed Source Models
53:51 Autonomous Robotics
1:00:59 MicroGPT and Agentic Education
1:05:40 Conclusion
Elon Musk — "In 36 months, the cheapest place to put AI will be space”
In this episode, John and I got to do a real deep-dive with Elon. We discuss the economics of orbital data centers, the difficulties of scaling power on Earth, what it would take to manufacture humanoids at high-volume in America, xAI’s business and alignment plans, DOGE, and much more.
Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.
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Timestamps
(00:00:00) - Orbital data centers
(00:36:46) - Grok and alignment
(00:59:56) - xAI’s business plan
(01:17:21) - Optimus and humanoid manufacturing
(01:30:22) - Does China win by default?
(01:44:16) - Lessons from running SpaceX
(02:20:08) - DOGE
(02:38:28) - TeraFab
Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
Elon Musk: OpenAI Betrayal, His Future at Tesla, and the Next Big Thing - Grokipedia
(0:00) Disgraziad Corner: The most disgraceful things of the week!
(3:10) Elon on X's new algorithm, why there has been so much Sydney Sweeney content lately
(11:35) Creating Grokipedia: Wikipedia's failures, the future of information on the internet, confirmation bias
(24:52) Three years of X: Looking back on the Twitter acquisition and how it changed free speech on the internet
(42:49) Tesla vote on Elon's compensation, would he leave Tesla if it doesn't pass?
(47:40) OpenAI lawsuit, for-profit conversion, how much Elon should own, OpenAI's great irony
(56:24) AI power efficiency, Robotaxis, future of self-driving
(1:09:34) Bill Gates flips on climate change, solar, energy production
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Andrej Karpathy — AGI is still a decade away
The Andrej Karpathy episode.
During this interview, Andrej explains why reinforcement learning is terrible (but everything else is much worse), why AGI will just blend into the previous ~2.5 centuries of 2% GDP growth, why self driving took so long to crack, and what he sees as the future of education.
It was a pleasure chatting with him.
Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.
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Timestamps
(00:00:00) – AGI is still a decade away
(00:29:45) – LLM cognitive deficits
(00:40:05) – RL is terrible
(00:49:38) – How do humans learn?
(01:06:25) – AGI will blend into 2% GDP growth
(01:17:36) – ASI
(01:32:50) – Evolution of intelligence & culture
(01:42:55) - Why self driving took so long
(01:56:20) - Future of education
Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
Elon Musk on DOGE, Optimus, Starlink Smartphones, Evolving with AI, Why the West is Imploding
(0:00) Introducing Elon Musk, and reflecting on his DOGE experience
(2:47) Optimus: Progress and potential, the "hands problem"
(12:20) Tesla: AI5 chips, impact on FSD
(16:50) SpaceX: Vision for Starlink-enabled smartphones, $17B spectrum deal, Starship update
(26:16) xAI: Next-gen Grok models, Colossus 2, scaling laws, "Grokipedia"
(31:29) Evolving alongside AI, implosion of the West, the religion vacuum
(37:36) Understanding the universe, going to the Moon, what happens on Mars?
Thanks to our partners for making this happen!
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Elon Musk | All-In Summit 2024
(0:00) Announcement from Friedberg
(0:24) Besties intro Elon Musk!
(1:23) The Battle of Free Speech
(10:24) Potential government efficiency agency
(27:45) SpaceX updates, overreaching regulations
(36:10) Thoughts on Boeing's culture
(38:27) The 80/20 AI Future
(54:03) Elon and Jason share unaired SNL skits
Follow Elon:
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Intro Music Credit:
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Intro Video Credit:
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The Road to Autonomous Intelligence with Andrej Karpathy
Andrej Karpathy joins Sarah and Elad in this week of No Priors. Andrej, who was a founding team member of OpenAI and former Senior Director of AI at Tesla, needs no introduction. In this episode, Andrej discusses the evolution of self-driving cars, comparing Tesla and Waymo’s approaches, and the technical challenges ahead. They also cover Tesla’s Optimus humanoid robot, the bottlenecks of AI development today, and how AI capabilities could be further integrated with human cognition. Andrej shares more about his new company Eureka Labs and his insights into AI-driven education, peer networks, and what young people should study to prepare for the reality ahead.
Sign up for new podcasts every week. Email feedback to show@no-priors.com
Follow us on Twitter: @NoPriorsPod | @Saranormous | @EladGil | @Karpathy
Show Notes:
(0:00) Introduction
(0:33) Evolution of self-driving cars
(2:23) The Tesla vs. Waymo approach to self-driving
(6:32) Training Optimus with automotive models
(10:26) Reasoning behind the humanoid form factor
(13:22) Existing challenges in robotics
(16:12) Bottlenecks of AI progress
(20:27) Parallels between human cognition and AI models
(22:12) Merging human cognition with AI capabilities
(27:10) Building high performance small models
(30:33) Andrej’s current work in AI-enabled education
(36:17) How AI-driven education reshapes knowledge networks and status
(41:26) Eureka Labs
(42:25) What young people study to prepare for the future
#438 – Elon Musk: Neuralink and the Future of Humanity
Elon Musk is CEO of Neuralink, SpaceX, Tesla, xAI, and CTO of X. DJ Seo is COO & President of Neuralink. Matthew MacDougall is Head Neurosurgeon at Neuralink. Bliss Chapman is Brain Interface Software Lead at Neuralink. Noland Arbaugh is the first human to have a Neuralink device implanted in his brain.
Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/elon-musk-and-neuralink-team-transcript
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Matthew’s X: https://x.com/matthewmacdoug4
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Noland’s X: https://x.com/ModdedQuad
xAI: https://x.com/xai
Tesla: https://x.com/tesla
Tesla Optimus: https://x.com/tesla_optimus
Tesla AI: https://x.com/Tesla_AI
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OUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:26) – Elon Musk
(12:42) – Telepathy
(19:22) – Power of human mind
(23:49) – Future of Neuralink
(29:04) – Ayahuasca
(38:33) – Merging with AI
(43:21) – xAI
(45:34) – Optimus
(52:24) – Elon’s approach to problem-solving
(1:09:59) – History and geopolitics
(1:14:30) – Lessons of history
(1:18:49) – Collapse of empires
(1:26:32) – Time
(1:29:14) – Aliens and curiosity
(1:36:48) – DJ Seo
(1:44:57) – Neural dust
(1:51:40) – History of brain–computer interface
(1:59:44) – Biophysics of neural interfaces
(2:10:12) – How Neuralink works
(2:16:03) – Lex with Neuralink implant
(2:36:01) – Digital telepathy
(2:47:03) – Retracted threads
(2:52:38) – Vertical integration
(2:59:32) – Safety
(3:09:27) – Upgrades
(3:18:30) – Future capabilities
(3:47:46) – Matthew MacDougall
(3:53:35) – Neuroscience
(4:00:44) – Neurosurgery
(4:11:48) – Neuralink surgery
(4:30:57) – Brain surgery details
(4:46:40) – Implanting Neuralink on self
(5:02:34) – Life and death
(5:11:54) – Consciousness
(5:14:48) – Bliss Chapman
(5:28:04) – Neural signal
(5:34:56) – Latency
(5:39:36) – Neuralink app
(5:44:17) – Intention vs action
(5:55:31) – Calibration
(6:05:03) – Webgrid
(6:28:05) – Neural decoder
(6:48:40) – Future improvements
(6:57:36) – Noland Arbaugh
(6:57:45) – Becoming paralyzed
(7:11:20) – First Neuralink human participant
(7:15:21) – Day of surgery
(7:33:08) – Moving mouse with brain
(7:58:27) – Webgrid
(8:06:28) – Retracted threads
(8:14:53) – App improvements
(8:21:38) – Gaming
(8:32:36) – Future Neuralink capabilities
(8:35:31) – Controlling Optimus robot
(8:39:53) – God
(8:41:58) – Hope
Sunday Special: Elon Musk at 'DealBook'
Tech billionaire Elon Musk has come to define innovation, but he can also be a lightning rod for controversy; he recently endorsed antisemitic remarks on X, formerly known as Twitter, which prompted companies to pull their advertising. In an interview recorded live at the DealBook Summit in New York with Times business reporter and columnist Andrew Ross Sorkin, Musk discusses his emotional state and why he has “no problem being hated.”To read more news about the event, visit https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/11/29/business/dealbook-summit-news
#400 – Elon Musk: War, AI, Aliens, Politics, Physics, Video Games, and Humanity
Elon Musk is CEO of X, xAI, SpaceX, Tesla, Neuralink, and The Boring Company.
Thank you for listening ❤ Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/elon-musk-4-transcript
EPISODE LINKS:
Elon’s X: https://x.com/elonmusk
xAI: https://x.com/xai
Tesla: https://x.com/tesla
Tesla Optimus: https://x.com/tesla_optimus
Tesla AI: https://x.com/Tesla_AI
SpaceX: https://x.com/spacex
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The Boring Company: https://x.com/boringcompany
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OUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:25) – War and human nature
(14:51) – Israel-Hamas war
(20:59) – Military-Industrial Complex
(25:16) – War in Ukraine
(29:59) – China
(44:15) – xAI Grok
(55:13) – Aliens
(1:03:13) – God
(1:05:41) – Diablo 4 and video games
(1:14:48) – Dystopian worlds: 1984 and Brave New World
(1:20:59) – AI and useful compute per watt
(1:26:40) – AI regulation
(1:33:32) – Should AI be open-sourced?
(1:40:54) – X algorithm
(1:52:15) – 2024 presidential elections
(2:05:14) – Politics
(2:08:16) – Trust
(2:13:47) – Tesla’s Autopilot and Optimus robot
(2:22:46) – Hardships
(IHP Bonus) Tesla Cofounder Marc Tarpenning (Corrected)
Marc Tarpenning, along with Martin Eberhard, was the cofounder of Tesla Motors back in 2003. But before that, Tarpenning and Eberhard were also the cofounders of NuvoMedia, which produced one of the world's first ebook devices, the rocket eBook. So, for the first part of the episode, Mark recounts the story of NuvoMedia and then about 25 minutes in we begin the founding of Tesla, in my opinion, perhaps the most amazing startup story of the last 20 years.
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#333 – Andrej Karpathy: Tesla AI, Self-Driving, Optimus, Aliens, and AGI
Andrej Karpathy is a legendary AI researcher, engineer, and educator. He’s the former director of AI at Tesla, a founding member of OpenAI, and an educator at Stanford. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Books mentioned:
The Vital Question: https://amzn.to/3q0vN6q
Life Ascending: https://amzn.to/3wKIsOE
The Selfish Gene: https://amzn.to/3TCo63s
Contact: https://amzn.to/3W3y5Au
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– Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman
OUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(05:41) – Neural networks
(10:45) – Biology
(16:15) – Aliens
(26:27) – Universe
(38:18) – Transformers
(46:34) – Language models
(56:45) – Bots
(1:03:05) – Google’s LaMDA
(1:10:28) – Software 2.0
(1:21:28) – Human annotation
(1:23:25) – Camera vision
(1:28:30) – Tesla’s Data Engine
(1:32:39) – Tesla Vision
(1:39:09) – Elon Musk
(1:44:17) – Autonomous driving
(1:49:11) – Leaving Tesla
(1:54:39) – Tesla’s Optimus
(2:03:45) – ImageNet
(2:06:23) – Data
(2:16:15) – Day in the life
(2:29:31) – Best IDE
(2:36:37) – arXiv
(2:41:06) – Advice for beginners
(2:50:24) – Artificial general intelligence
(3:03:44) – Movies
(3:09:37) – Future of human civilization
(3:13:56) – Book recommendations
(3:20:05) – Advice for young people
(3:21:56) – Future of machine learning
(3:28:44) – Meaning of life
E69: Elon Musk on Twitter's bot problem, SpaceX's grand plan, Tesla stories, Giga Texas & more
0:00 Bestie Guestie Elon Musk joins via Zoom at the All-In Summit!
0:43 Benchmarking Twitter's bot problem, thoughts on slights from the Biden Administration
13:26 Breaking down Tesla's 6+ businesses, comparing them to a traditional car company
21:42 Concerns around the Twitter deal, crypto payments on Twitter
30:19 Building vs. acquiring, early Tesla stories
39:52 SpaceX's grand vision and business model, nuclear fusion vs. solar
56:37 Moving from CA to TX, fixing California, macroeconomic takes
1:10:20 American exceptionalism, a new immigration strategy
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Intro Music Credit:
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Intro Video Credit:
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A future worth getting excited about | Elon Musk
What's on Elon Musk's mind? In conversation with head of TED Chris Anderson, Musk details how the radical new innovations he's working on -- Tesla's intelligent humanoid robot Optimus, SpaceX's otherworldly Starship and Neuralink's brain-machine interfaces, among others -- could help maximize the lifespan of humanity and create a world where goods and services are abundant and accessible for all. It's a compelling vision of a future worth getting excited about. (Recorded at the Tesla Texas Gigafactory on April 6, 2022)
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Elon Musk talks Twitter, Tesla and the future — live at TED2022
In this unedited conversation with head of TED Chris Anderson, Elon Musk digs into the recent news around his bid to purchase Twitter and gets honest about the biggest regret of his career, how his brain works, the future he envisions for the world and a lot more. (Recorded April 14, 2022)
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#252 – Elon Musk: SpaceX, Mars, Tesla Autopilot, Self-Driving, Robotics, and AI
Elon Musk is CEO of SpaceX, Tesla, Neuralink, and Boring Company. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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– ROKA: https://roka.com/ and use code LEX to get 20% off your first order
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EPISODE LINKS:
Elon’s Twitter: https://twitter.com/elonmusk
PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman
YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips
SUPPORT & CONNECT:
– Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast
– Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman
– Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman
– Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman
– LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
– Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman
– Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman
OUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(07:38) – Elon singing
(08:26) – SpaceX human spaceflight
(15:12) – Starship
(23:48) – Quitting is not in my nature
(25:23) – Thinking process
(34:56) – Humans on Mars
(40:27) – Colonizing Mars
(44:13) – Wormholes
(48:50) – Forms of government on Mars
(55:54) – Smart contracts
(57:24) – Dogecoin
(58:55) – Cryptocurrency and Money
(1:05:04) – Bitcoin vs Dogecoin
(1:07:47) – Satoshi Nakamoto
(1:10:10) – Tesla Autopilot
(1:13:16) – Tesla Self-Driving
(1:25:19) – Neural networks
(1:34:16) – When will Tesla solve self-driving?
(1:36:19) – Tesla FSD v11
(1:43:53) – Tesla Bot
(1:54:33) – History
(2:02:24) – Putin
(2:08:04) – Meme Review
(2:22:29) – Stand-up comedy
(2:24:03) – Rick and Morty
(2:25:42) – Advice for young people
(2:33:39) – Love
(2:36:33) – Meaning of life
BONUS EPISODE: Elon Musk at Code Conference 2021
Kara sits down with SpaceX CEO/Tesla Technoking Elon Musk for a discussion on China, rockets, Mars colonization, and more. Recorded live at Code 2021 in Los Angeles. This interview has been condensed and lightly edited.
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Andrej Karpathy on the visionary AI in Tesla's autonomous driving
On the first ever episode of The Robot Brains podcast, our host Pieter Abbeel sits down with Andrej Karpathy, director of AI at Tesla. Andrej is a world-leading expert when it comes to machine learning and training neural nets. In this episode he talks about what it's like working with Elon Musk, training driverless cars with machine learning and the time he had to sleep on a yoga mat at Tesla HQ... Host: Pieter Abbeel. Executive Producers: Ricardo Reyes & Henry Tobias Jones. Audio Production: Kieron Matthew Banerji. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Elon Musk: Neuralink, AI, Autopilot, and the Pale Blue Dot
Elon Musk is the CEO of Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, and a co-founder of several other companies. This is the second time Elon has been on the podcast. You can watch the first time on YouTube or listen to the first time on its episode page. You can read the transcript (PDF) here. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts or support it on Patreon. Here’s the outline with timestamps for this episode (on some players you can click on the timestamp to jump to that point in the episode):
00:00 – Introduction
01:57 – Consciousness
05:58 – Regulation of AI Safety
09:39 – Neuralink – understanding the human brain
11:53 – Neuralink – expanding the capacity of the human mind
17:51 – Neuralink – future challenges, solutions, and impact
24:59 – Smart Summon
27:18 – Tesla Autopilot and Full Self-Driving
31:16 – Carl Sagan and the Pale Blue Dot
Elon Musk: Tesla Autopilot
Elon Musk is the CEO of Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, and a co-founder of several other companies. Video version is available on YouTube. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.
Recode Decode: Elon Musk
Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk talks with Recode's Kara Swisher about Tesla's turbulent 2018, when SpaceX will send its first rocket to Mars, why he fights with journalists on Twitter and much more. In this episode: (01:49) Using Twitter without a filter; (04:50) Picking fights with the press; (07:59) The “excruciating” year of 2018; (10:54) Why does Musk push himself so hard?; (13:49) The toll on him and Tesla’s employees; (16:52) Self-inflicted wounds and sleep deprivation; (21:44) Tesla’s first profitable quarter in two years; (23:35) Self-driving cars; (25:38) Government regulation; (29:13) Tesla’s competitors; (33:30) Why Tesla is not going private after all; (36:31) The Tesla Semi, pickup truck and other new products; (45:10) SpaceX and dying on Mars; (49:48) Donald Trump’s Space Force and colonizing beyond Earth; (51:49) Going to Mars; (55:06) Jeff Bezos, Blue Origin and Amazon; (57:03) The Boring Company, dad jokes and drilling technology; (1:05:55) Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi investors and techlash; (1:11:05) How is Musk feeling about the future?; (1:15:38) If he got one redo on something from 2018, what would he redo?; (1:16:43) Why Tesla won't make a scooter
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The future we're building -- and boring | Elon Musk
Elon Musk discusses his new project digging tunnels under LA, the latest from Tesla and SpaceX and his motivation for building a future on Mars in conversation with TED's Head Curator, Chris Anderson.
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