#499 – Gary Gallagher: American Civil War, Slavery, Lincoln, Grant & Lee
Gary Gallagher is a historian of the American Civil War.
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Transcript:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Gary’s UVA page: https://history.virginia.edu/people/gary-w-gallagher
Gary’s Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher
The Confederate War (book): https://amzn.to/4yletel
The Union War (book): https://amzn.to/3QT1jED
Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (book): https://amzn.to/4fdrbD5
Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten (book): https://amzn.to/4wFxk1X
The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History (book): https://amzn.to/4vsAogU
The Great Courses – The American Civil War: https://bit.ly/4gDX3mQ
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:36) – What caused the Civil War?
(18:33) – Slavery
(46:07) – Lincoln
(1:01:03) – Grant vs Lee
(1:09:57) – Could the Civil War have been avoided?
(1:19:23) – The bloodiest war in US history
(1:36:31) – How the Confederate Army could’ve won
(1:57:05) – Key battles of the Civil War
(2:20:07) – Best and Worst Presidents
(2:34:06) – Robert E. Lee
(2:53:40) – The most important battle of the Civil War
(3:03:51) – The final showdown of the Civil War – Grant vs Lee
(3:26:10) – Lost Cause and Confederate Monuments
(3:43:37) – Extreme political division in US
#498 – Anthony Kaldellis: Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Rise & Fall of Empires
Anthony Kaldellis is a historian of the Roman Empire and author of “The New Roman Empire”, a comprehensive history of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).
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https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
Anthony’s Books: https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1
Anthony’s Publications: https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com
Anthony’s University of Chicago page: https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis
The New Roman Empire (book): https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk
Streams of Gold (book): https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq
Byzantium & Friends Podcast: https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/
The History of Byzantium Podcast: https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:11) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:45) – The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire
(12:42) – 2,200 Years of Roman History
(33:06) – Power, violence, and civil war
(54:20) – Edict of Caracalla
(1:07:17) – Crisis of the Third Century
(1:21:45) – Constantine and the new Roman Empire
(1:33:46) – Christianity in the Roman Empire
(1:59:14) – Fall of the Western Roman Empire
(2:12:11) – Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power
(2:37:17) – Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest
(2:54:19) – The Arab conquests
(3:13:55) – Why the Roman empire survived so long
(3:40:01) – Lessons from history
PODCAST LINKS:
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– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#497 – Biggest Mysteries in Physics: Antimatter, Dark Energy & ToE – Don Lincoln
Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Don’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/
Don’s Website: https://drdonlincoln.com/
Don’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF
Don’s YouTube Playlist: https://bit.ly/3PCIW67
Don’s X: https://x.com/DrDonLincoln
Don’s Books: https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ
Don’s Great Courses: https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln
Don’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4wGioRV
Fermilab’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/fermilab
Fermilab’s Website: https://www.fnal.gov/
Fermilab’s X: https://x.com/fermilab
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:52) – Unifying the laws of nature
(23:23) – Einstein, special relativity, and general relativity
(40:31) – Electroweak force
(52:13) – How particle colliders work
(1:10:16) – Higgs boson discovery
(1:20:35) – Theory of everything
(1:50:20) – Physics of empty space
(1:57:45) – Antimatter
(2:18:35) – Dark energy
(2:22:23) – Dark matter
(2:50:59) – Future of physics
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#496 – FFmpeg: The Incredible Technology Behind Video on the Internet
Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
FFmpeg on X: https://x.com/FFmpeg
FFmpeg: https://ffmpeg.org/
VideoLAN (VLC): https://www.videolan.org/
VideoLAN on X: https://x.com/videolan
Jean-Baptiste’s Website: https://jbkempf.com/
Jean-Baptiste’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/
Jean-Baptiste’s GitHub: https://github.com/jbkempf
Kieran’s X: https://x.com/kierank_
Kieran’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3OORhmC
Kieran’s GitHub: https://github.com/kierank
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens
(15:12) – How video playback works
(24:33) – Video codecs and containers
(35:20) – FFmpeg explained
(56:20) – Linus Torvalds
(1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free
(1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama
(1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers
(1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg
(1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg
(1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs
(2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing
(2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten)
(2:30:39) – Rust programming language
(2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork
(2:48:17) – Open source burnout
(2:56:04) – x264 and internet video
(3:09:20) – Video compression basics
(3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC
(3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming
(3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents
(3:54:12) – VLC backdoors
(4:04:27) – Video archiving
(4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC
#495 – Vikings, Ragnar, Berserkers, Valhalla & the Warriors of the Viking Age
Lars Brownworth is a historian, teacher, podcaster, and author specializing in Viking history, medieval Europe, and the Byzantine Empire.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/lars-brownworth-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
Lars’s Website: https://larsbrownworth.com/
The Sea Wolves (book): https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Wolves-History-Vikings/dp/1909979120
Lars’s Books: https://amzn.to/4sHY0xw
12 Byzantine Rulers Podcast : https://12byzantinerulers.com/
Norman Centuries Podcast: https://apple.co/4sgSxNi
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:03) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:57) – The start of the Viking Age
(18:50) – Viking military strategy, tactics & technology
(32:33) – Ragnar Lothbrok
(42:00) – The Great Heathen Army
(46:42) – Rollo and Normandy
(56:54) – Viking religion and Valhalla
(1:07:25) – Viking explorers
(1:12:33) – Vikings in North America
(1:25:55) – Vikings in the East
(1:45:33) – Byzantine Empire
(1:54:17) – History and human nature
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#494 – Jensen Huang: NVIDIA – The $4 Trillion Company & the AI Revolution
Jensen Huang is the co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, the world’s most valuable company and the engine powering the AI computing revolution.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jensen-huang-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
NVIDIA: https://nvidia.com
NVIDIA on X: https://x.com/nvidia
NVIDIA AI on X: https://x.com/NVIDIAAI
NVIDIA on YouTube: https://youtube.com/@nvidia
NVIDIA on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nvidia/
NVIDIA on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/nvidia/
NVIDIA on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NVIDIA/
NVIDIA on GitHub: https://github.com/NVIDIA
Nemotron: https://developer.nvidia.com/nemotron
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:26) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(06:34) – Extreme co-design and rack-scale engineering
(09:20) – How Jensen runs NVIDIA
(28:41) – AI scaling laws
(43:41) – Biggest blockers to AI scaling laws
(45:25) – Supply chain
(47:20) – Memory
(53:25) – Power
(58:45) – Elon and Colossus
(1:02:13) – Jensen’s approach to engineering and leadership
(1:07:38) – China
(1:15:51) – TSMC and Taiwan
(1:21:06) – NVIDIA’s moat
(1:26:43) – AI data centers in space
(1:30:31) – Will NVIDIA be worth $10 trillion?
(1:40:40) – Leadership under pressure
(1:54:26) – Video games
(2:01:18) – AGI timeline
(2:03:31) – Future of programming
(2:17:02) – Consciousness
(2:23:23) – Mortality
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#493 – Jeff Kaplan: World of Warcraft, Overwatch, Blizzard, and Future of Gaming
Jeff Kaplan is a legendary Blizzard game designer of World of Warcraft and Overwatch, now preparing to launch a new game, The Legend of California, from his new studio Kintsugiyama – available to wishlist on Steam today, with alpha later in March.
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EPISODE LINKS:
The Legend of California (Steam Page): https://store.steampowered.com/app/2550530/The_Legend_of_California
Jeff’s Game Studio: https://www.kintsugiyama.com/
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:24) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:47) – Early games: Pac-Man, Zork, Doom, Quake
(25:12) – Writing career – 170 rejection letters
(40:45) – EverQuest obsession
(53:43) – Getting hired at Blizzard
(1:09:11) – Lowest point in Jeff’s life
(1:15:16) – One of Us
(1:19:33) – Early Blizzard culture
(1:39:15) – Building World of Warcraft
(1:56:59) – How WoW changed video games
(2:14:21) – Single-player vs Multi-player
(2:35:15) – How Blizzard made great video games
(3:01:04) – Online toxicity
(3:08:38) – Why Titan failed
(3:25:48) – Overwatch in six weeks
(3:52:46) – Best Overwatch heroes
(4:01:16) – The challenge of matchmaking
(4:04:40) – Rust
(4:15:01) – Why Jeff left Blizzard
(4:37:14) – Diablo IV
(4:38:42) – Getting back to making video games
(4:47:38) – The Legend of California
(5:01:23) – Greatest video game of all time
(5:09:30) – AI and future of video games
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#492 – Rick Beato: Greatest Guitarists of All Time, History & Future of Music
Rick Beato is a music educator, interviewer, producer, songwriter, and a true multi-instrument musician, playing guitar, bass, cello & piano. His incredible YouTube channel celebrates great musicians & musical ideas, and helps millions of people fall in love with great music all over again.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/rick-beato-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
Rick’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/RickBeato
Rick’s X: https://x.com/rickbeato
Rick’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/rickbeato1
Rick’s Website: https://rickbeato.com
Rick’s Ear Training: https://beatoeartraining.com
The Beato Book: https://beatobook.com
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:28) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:17) – Guitar solos
(13:16) – Gypsy jazz and Django Reinhardt
(14:48) – Bebop jazz
(19:00) – Perfect pitch vs relative pitch
(23:37) – Learning to play guitar
(47:08) – Miles Davis
(52:34) – Bass guitar
(53:41) – Greatest guitar solos of all time
(1:22:56) – 27 Club
(1:27:37) – Elton John
(1:30:51) – Metallica
(1:35:21) – Tom Waits
(1:41:12) – Greatest rock stars
(1:44:35) – Beethoven
(1:51:10) – Bach
(1:54:01) – AI in music
(2:07:52) – Sabrina Carpenter
(2:11:23) – YouTube copyright strikes
(2:16:59) – Spotify
(2:27:51) – Guitars
(2:32:13) – Advice
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#491 – OpenClaw: The Viral AI Agent that Broke the Internet – Peter Steinberger
Peter Steinberger is the creator of OpenClaw, an open-source AI agent framework that’s the fastest-growing project in GitHub history.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/peter-steinberger-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
Peter’s X: https://x.com/steipete
Peter’s GitHub: https://github.com/steipete
Peter’s Website: https://steipete.com
Peter’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/steipete
OpenClaw Website: https://openclaw.ai
OpenClaw GitHub: https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw
OpenClaw Discord: https://discord.gg/openclaw
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:29) – OpenClaw origin story
(18:48) – Mind-blowing moment
(28:15) – Why OpenClaw went viral
(32:12) – Self-modifying AI agent
(36:57) – Name-change drama
(54:07) – Moltbook saga
(1:02:26) – OpenClaw security concerns
(1:11:07) – How to code with AI agents
(1:42:02) – Programming setup
(1:48:45) – GPT Codex 5.3 vs Claude Opus 4.6
(1:57:52) – Best AI agent for programming
(2:19:52) – Life story and career advice
(2:23:49) – Money and happiness
(2:27:41) – Acquisition offers from OpenAI and Meta
(2:44:51) – How OpenClaw works
(2:56:09) – AI slop
(3:02:13) – AI agents will replace 80% of apps
(3:10:50) – Will AI replace programmers?
(3:22:50) – Future of OpenClaw community
#490 – State of AI in 2026: LLMs, Coding, Scaling Laws, China, Agents, GPUs, AGI
Nathan Lambert and Sebastian Raschka are machine learning researchers, engineers, and educators. Nathan is the post-training lead at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of The RLHF Book. Sebastian Raschka is the author of Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) and Build a Reasoning Model (From Scratch).
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ai-sota-2026-transcript
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:39) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(16:29) – China vs US: Who wins the AI race?
(25:11) – ChatGPT vs Claude vs Gemini vs Grok: Who is winning?
(36:11) – Best AI for coding
(43:02) – Open Source vs Closed Source LLMs
(54:41) – Transformers: Evolution of LLMs since 2019
(1:02:38) – AI Scaling Laws: Are they dead or still holding?
(1:18:45) – How AI is trained: Pre-training, Mid-training, and Post-training
(1:51:51) – Post-training explained: Exciting new research directions in LLMs
(2:12:43) – Advice for beginners on how to get into AI development & research
(2:35:36) – Work culture in AI (72+ hour weeks)
(2:39:22) – Silicon Valley bubble
(2:43:19) – Text diffusion models and other new research directions
(2:49:01) – Tool use
(2:53:17) – Continual learning
(2:58:39) – Long context
(3:04:54) – Robotics
(3:14:04) – Timeline to AGI
(3:21:20) – Will AI replace programmers?
(3:39:51) – Is the dream of AGI dying?
(3:46:40) – How AI will make money?
(3:51:02) – Big acquisitions in 2026
(3:55:34) – Future of OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, xAI, Meta
(4:08:08) – Manhattan Project for AI
(4:14:42) – Future of NVIDIA, GPUs, and AI compute clusters
(4:22:48) – Future of human civilization
#489 – Paul Rosolie: Uncontacted Tribes in the Amazon Jungle
Paul Rosolie is a naturalist, explorer, author of a new book titled Junglekeeper, and is someone who has dedicated his life to protecting the Amazon rainforest.
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Junglekeeper (new book): https://amzn.to/4q7vpAp
Paul’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/paulrosolie
Junglekeepers Website: https://junglekeepers.org
Paul’s Website: https://paulrosolie.com
Mother of God (book): https://amzn.to/3ww2ob1
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(12:00) – Uncontacted tribes in the Amazon Jungle
(19:46) – Intense new encounter
(42:52) – Never-before-seen footage of tribe warriors
(56:08) – The mysteries of the jungle
(1:10:43) – Tribe’s diet: Monkeys, turtles, and turtle eggs
(1:20:19) – Jane Goodall
(1:26:31) – Advice for young people
(1:35:45) – Cartel, Narco-traffickers & assassination attempts
(1:57:45) – Climbing the giant tree
(2:08:43) – Giant anaconda
(2:26:01) – Rescuing a spider monkey
(2:32:05) – Dangerous animal encounters
(2:42:13) – Writing, journaling, and great writer inspirations
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#488 – Infinity, Paradoxes that Broke Mathematics, Gödel Incompleteness & the Multiverse – Joel David Hamkins
Joel David Hamkins is a mathematician and philosopher specializing in set theory, the foundations of mathematics, and the nature of infinity, and he’s the #1 highest-rated user on MathOverflow. He is also the author of several books, including Proof and the Art of Mathematics and Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics. And he has a great blog called Infinitely More.
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Joel’s X: https://x.com/JDHamkins
Joel’s Website: https://jdh.hamkins.org
Joel’s Substack: https://www.infinitelymore.xyz
Joel’s MathOverflow: https://mathoverflow.net/users/1946/joel-david-hamkins
Joel’s Papers: https://jdh.hamkins.org/publications
Joel’s Books:
Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3MThaAt
Proof and the Art of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3YACc9A
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:40) – Infinity & paradoxes
(1:02:50) – Russell’s paradox
(1:15:57) – Gödel’s incompleteness theorems
(1:33:28) – Truth vs proof
(1:44:52) – The Halting Problem
(2:00:45) – Does infinity exist?
(2:18:19) – MathOverflow
(2:22:12) – The Continuum Hypothesis
(2:31:58) – Hardest problems in mathematics
(2:41:25) – Mathematical multiverse
(3:00:18) – Surreal numbers
(3:10:55) – Conway’s Game of Life
(3:13:11) – Computability theory
(3:23:04) – P vs NP
(3:26:21) – Greatest mathematicians in history
(3:40:05) – Infinite chess
(3:58:24) – Most beautiful idea in mathematics
#487 – Irving Finkel: Deciphering Secrets of Ancient Civilizations & Flood Myths
Irving Finkel is a scholar of ancient languages and a longtime curator at the British Museum, renowned for his expertise in Mesopotamian history and cuneiform writing. He specializes in reading and interpreting cuneiform inscriptions, including tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian contexts. He became widely known for studying a tablet with a Mesopotamian flood story that predates the biblical Noah narrative, which he presented in his book “The Ark Before Noah” and in a documentary that involved building a circular ark based on the tablet’s technical instructions.
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The Ark Before Noah (book): https://amzn.to/4j2U0DW
Irving Lectures Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYXwZvOwHjVcFUi9iEqirkXRaCUJdXGha
British Museum Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0LQM0SAx603A6p5EJ9DVcESqQReT7QyK
British Museum Website: https://www.britishmuseum.org/
The Great Diary Project: https://thegreatdiaryproject.co.uk/
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:43) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:53) – Origins of human language
(15:59) – Cuneiform
(23:12) – Controversial theory about Göbekli Tepe
(34:23) – How to write and speak Cuneiform
(39:42) – Primitive human language
(41:26) – Development of writing systems
(42:20) – Decipherment of Cuneiform
(54:51) – Limits of language
(59:51) – Art of translation
(1:05:01) – Gods
(1:10:25) – Ghosts
(1:20:13) – Ancient flood stories
(1:30:21) – Noah’s Ark
(1:41:44) – The Royal Game of Ur
(1:54:43) – British Museum
(2:02:08) – Evolution of human civilization
#486 – Michael Levin: Hidden Reality of Alien Intelligence & Biological Life
Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University working on novel ways to understand and control complex pattern formation in biological systems.
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Michael Levin’s X: https://x.com/drmichaellevin
Michael Levin’s Website: https://drmichaellevin.org
Michael Levin’s Papers: https://drmichaellevin.org/publications/
– Biological Robots: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00880
– Classical Sorting Algorithms: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05375
– Aging as a Morphostasis Defect: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38636560/
– TAME: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10346
– Synthetic Living Machines: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.abf1571
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:09) – Biological intelligence
(18:42) – Living vs non-living organisms
(23:55) – Origin of life
(27:40) – The search for alien life (on Earth)
(1:00:44) – Creating life in the lab – Xenobots and Anthrobots
(1:13:46) – Memories and ideas are living organisms
(1:27:26) – Reality is an illusion: The brain is an interface to a hidden reality
(2:13:13) – Unexpected Intelligence in sorting algorithms
(2:38:51) – Can aging be reversed?
(2:42:41) – Mind uploading
(3:01:22) – Alien intelligence
(3:16:17) – Advice for young people
(3:22:46) – Questions for AGI
#485 – David Kirtley: Nuclear Fusion, Plasma Physics, and the Future of Energy
David Kirtley is a nuclear fusion engineer and CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building the world’s first commercial fusion power plant by 2028.
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Helion: https://www.helionenergy.com/
Helion’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/HelionEnergy
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:35) – Nuclear fission vs fusion
(21:35) – Physics of E=mc^2
(26:50) – Is nuclear fusion safe?
(32:11) – Chernobyl
(38:38) – Geopolitics
(40:33) – Extreme scenarios
(47:28) – How nuclear fusion works
(1:20:20) – Extreme temperatures
(1:25:21) – Fusion control and simulation
(1:37:15) – Electricity from fusion
(2:11:20) – First fusion power plant in 2028
(2:18:13) – Energy needs of GPU clusters
(2:28:38) – Kardashev scale
(2:36:33) – Fermi Paradox
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#484 – Dan Houser: GTA, Red Dead Redemption, Rockstar, Absurd & Future of Gaming
Dan Houser is co-founder of Rockstar Games and is a legendary creative mind behind Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and Red Dead Redemption series of video games.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Absurd Adventures: https://absurdventures.com
A Better Paradise: https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0FCYSK8VD
American Caper: https://absurdventures.com/americancaper
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:32) – Greatest films of all time
(23:45) – Making video games
(26:36) – GTA 3
(29:55) – Open world video games
(32:42) – Character creation
(36:09) – Superintelligent AI in A Better Paradise
(45:21) – Can LLMs write video games?
(49:41) – Creating GTA 4 and GTA 5
(1:01:16) – Hard work and Rockstar’s culture of excellence
(1:04:56) – GTA 6
(1:21:46) – Red Dead Redemption 2
(2:01:39) – DLCs for GTA and Red Dead Redemption
(2:07:58) – Leaving Rockstar Games
(2:17:22) – Greatest game of all time
(2:22:10) – Life lessons from father
(2:24:29) – Mortality
(2:41:47) – Advice for young people
(2:47:49) – Future of video games
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#483 – Julia Shaw: Criminal Psychology of Murder, Serial Killers, Memory & Sex
Julia Shaw is a criminal psychologist and author who in her books explores human nature, including psychopathy, violent crime, the psychology of evil, police interrogation, false memory manipulation, deception detection, and human sexuality.
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Julia’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/drjuliashaw
Julia’s Website: https://www.drjuliashaw.com/
Julia’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/drjuliashaw
Julia’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjuliashaw/
Julia’s Books: https://amzn.to/4mQBnTV
Green Crime (US Book): https://amzn.to/4nLfSVE
Green Crime (Canadian Book): https://amzn.to/47lBAdc
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:16) – Dark Tetrad – Psychopathy, Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Sadism
(29:23) – Serial killers
(43:59) – Murder
(51:51) – Lies and scams
(56:38) – Jealousy
(1:00:07) – Monogamy
(1:05:20) – Sexuality
(1:20:21) – Sexual fetishes
(1:35:56) – Criminal psychology
(1:39:04) – False memories
(2:25:01) – Criminals destroying the planet
(2:40:24) – Hope
PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#482 – Pavel Durov: Telegram, Freedom, Censorship, Money, Power & Human Nature
Pavel Durov is the founder and CEO of Telegram.
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Pavel’s Telegram: https://t.me/durov
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Telegram: https://telegram.org/
Telegram Contests: https://contest.com/
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:46) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:29) – Philosophy of freedom
(14:37) – No alcohol
(22:42) – No phone
(28:38) – Discipline
(49:50) – Telegram: Lean philosophy, privacy, and geopolitics
(1:05:12) – Arrest in France
(1:21:23) – Romanian elections
(1:32:18) – Power and corruption
(1:41:50) – Intense education
(1:53:51) – Nikolai Durov
(1:58:19) – Programming and video games
(2:02:33) – VK origins & engineering
(2:19:46) – Hiring a great team
(2:29:02) – Telegram engineering & design
(2:48:04) – Encryption
(2:53:01) – Open source
(2:57:48) – Edward Snowden
(3:00:20) – Intelligence agencies
(3:01:32) – Iran and Russia government pressure
(3:04:41) – Apple
(3:11:38) – Poisoning
(3:43:53) – Money
(3:52:45) – TON
(4:02:35) – Bitcoin
(4:05:34) – Two chairs dilemma
(4:12:14) – Children
(4:23:24) – Father
(4:27:55) – Quantum immortality
(4:34:27) – Kafka
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#481 – Norman Ohler: Hitler, Nazis, Drugs, WW2, Blitzkrieg, LSD, MKUltra & CIA
Norman Ohler is a historian and author of “Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich,” a book that investigates the role of psychoactive drugs, particularly stimulants such as methamphetamine, in the military history of World War II. It is a book that two legendary historians Ian Kershaw and Antony Beevor give very high praise for its depth of research. Norman also wrote “Tripped: Nazi Germany, the CIA, and the Dawn of the Psychedelic Age”, and he is working on a new book “Stoned Sapiens” looking at the history of human civilization through the lens of drugs.
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Norman’s X: https://x.com/normanohler
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Norman’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Norman-Ohler
Norman’s Website: https://www.normanohler.de
Norman’s books: https://amzn.to/46uNS18
Blitzed: https://amzn.to/4mmY2XC
The Bohemians: https://amzn.to/3KubPhK
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:09) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:00) – Drugs in post-WWI Germany
(19:18) – Nazi rise to power
(23:45) – Hitler’s drug use
(29:37) – Response to historian criticism
(46:16) – Pervitin
(1:00:15) – Blitzkrieg and meth
(1:18:52) – Erwin Rommel (Crystal Fox)
(1:23:02) – Dunkirk
(1:31:06) – Hitler’s drug addiction
(1:47:03) – Methamphetamine
(1:48:57) – Invasion of Soviet Union
(2:07:54) – Cocaine
(2:16:49) – Hitler’s last days
(2:36:48) – German resistance against Nazis
(2:58:59) – Totalitarianism
(3:04:09) – Stoned Sapiens – Drugs in human history
(3:19:20) – Religion
(3:30:09) – LSD, CIA, and MKUltra
(3:55:39) – Writing on drugs
(4:08:40) – Berlin night clubs
(4:19:14) – Greatest book ever written
#480 – Dave Hone: T-Rex, Dinosaurs, Extinction, Evolution, and Jurassic Park
Dave Hone is a paleontologist, expert on dinosaurs, co-host of the Terrible Lizards podcast, and author of numerous scientific papers and books on the behavior and ecology of dinosaurs. He lectures at Queen Mary University of London on topics of Ecology, Zoology, Biology, and Evolution.
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Dave’s Books: https://amzn.to/4pbk828
Terrible Lizards Podcast: https://terriblelizards.libsyn.com/
Dave’s Blog: https://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/
Dave’s Academic Website: https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbbs/staff/davidhone.html
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:22) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:18) – T-Rex’s size & biomechanics
(31:00) – T-Rex’s hunting strategies
(44:07) – History of dinosaurs on Earth
(1:04:38) – $31.8 million T-Rex fossil
(1:17:44) – T-Rex’s skull and bone-crushing bite force
(1:36:33) – What Jurassic Park got wrong
(1:54:52) – Evolution and sexual selection
(2:15:26) – Spinosaurus
(2:26:02) – What Jurassic Park got right
(2:33:35) – T-Rex’s intelligence
(2:43:34) – Cannibalism among T-Rex
(2:49:05) – Extinction of the dinosaurs
(3:06:15) – Dragons
(3:22:39) – Birds are dinosaurs
(3:33:23) – Future of paleontology
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#479 – Dave Plummer: Programming, Autism, and Old-School Microsoft Stories
Dave Plummer is a programmer, former Microsoft software engineer (Windows 95, NT, XP), creator of Task Manager, author of two books on autism, and host of the Dave’s Garage YouTube channel, where he shares stories from his career, insights on software development, and deep dives into technology.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:14) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:16) – First computer
(15:54) – Dropping out of high-school
(23:35) – Joining Microsoft
(25:47) – MS-DOS
(28:59) – Windows 95
(35:46) – The man behind Windows
(40:42) – Debugging
(45:59) – Task Manager
(51:08) – 3D Pinball: Space Cadet
(56:07) – Start menu and taskbar
(1:07:06) – Blue Screen of Death
(1:09:15) – Best programmers
(1:17:16) – Scariest time of Dave’s life
(1:24:44) – Best Windows version
(1:26:34) – Slot machines
(1:30:17) – Autism and ADHD
(1:49:37) – Fastest programming language
(1:53:42) – Future of programming
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#478 – Scott Horton: The Case Against War and the Military Industrial Complex
Scott Horton is the director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, co-host of Provoked, and for the past three decades a staunch critic of U.S. military interventionism.
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Supplemental Notes & Corrections: https://lexfridman.com/scott-horton-links-and-notes/
Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott Horton Show: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Provoked Show: https://youtube.com/@Provoked_Show
Scott’s Substack: https://scotthortonshow.com/
Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott’s Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:14) – From the Cold War to the War on Terror
(1:02:13) – Iraq War 1
(1:30:17) – Bin Laden
(2:29:39) – Afghanistan War
(2:44:35) – Iraq War 2
(3:10:59) – Military Industrial Complex
(3:50:25) – Scott’s life story
(4:20:15) – Iraq War 2 (continued)
(5:11:43) – Syria
(6:05:01) – Iraq War 3
(6:17:28) – Somalia
(6:22:56) – Iran
(7:12:41) – Israel-Palestine
(9:02:19) – Cold War 2.0
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#477 – Keyu Jin: China’s Economy, Tariffs, Trade, Trump, Communism & Capitalism
Keyu Jin is an economist specializing in China’s economy, international macroeconomics, global trade imbalances, and financial policy. She is the author of The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:26) – Misconceptions about China
(12:57) – Education in China
(22:14) – Economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping
(27:33) – Mayor economy and GDP growth race
(41:20) – Growing up in China
(46:58) – First time in the US
(51:12) – China’s government vs business sector
(54:46) – Communism and capitalism
(58:25) – Jack Ma
(1:04:37) – China’s view on innovation and copying ideas
(1:11:15) – DeepSeek moment
(1:15:09) – CHIPS Act
(1:16:56) – Tariffs and Trade
(1:29:21) – Immigration
(1:34:08) – Taiwan
(1:39:54) – One-child policy
(1:47:51) – China’s economy collapse predictions
(1:52:34) – Advice for visiting China
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#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire
Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.
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Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud
Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4
Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:44) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:44) – Origin story of Genghis Khan
(52:30) – Early battles & conquests
(1:05:11) – Power
(1:07:33) – Secret History
(1:20:58) – Mongolian steppe
(1:24:16) – Mounted archery and horse-riding
(1:32:36) – Genghis Khan’s army
(1:48:49) – Military tactics and strategy
(2:01:13) – Wars of conquest
(2:05:37) – Dan Carlin
(2:15:37) – Religious freedom
(2:31:24) – Trade and the Silk Road
(2:40:10) – Weapons innovation
(2:41:40) – Kublai Khan and conquering China
(3:23:31) – Fall of the Mongol Empire
(3:50:26) – Genetic legacy
(4:00:20) – Lessons from Genghis Khan
(4:10:36) – Human nature
(4:13:47) – Visiting Mongolia
(4:33:15) – Lex: Dan Carlin
(4:36:06) – Lex: Gaza
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#475 – Demis Hassabis: Future of AI, Simulating Reality, Physics and Video Games
Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI.
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DeepMind’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind
DeepMind’s Website: https://deepmind.google/
Gemini’s Website: https://gemini.google.com/
Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/
The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81
Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:40) – Learnable patterns in nature
(12:22) – Computation and P vs NP
(21:00) – Veo 3 and understanding reality
(25:24) – Video games
(37:26) – AlphaEvolve
(43:27) – AI research
(47:51) – Simulating a biological organism
(52:34) – Origin of life
(58:49) – Path to AGI
(1:09:35) – Scaling laws
(1:12:51) – Compute
(1:15:38) – Future of energy
(1:19:34) – Human nature
(1:24:28) – Google and the race to AGI
(1:42:27) – Competition and AI talent
(1:49:01) – Future of programming
(1:55:27) – John von Neumann
(2:04:41) – p(doom)
(2:09:24) – Humanity
(2:12:30) – Consciousness and quantum computation
(2:18:40) – David Foster Wallace
(2:25:54) – Education and research
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#474 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Ruby on Rails, Productivity & Parenting
David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn’t Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race.
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EPISODE LINKS:
DHH’s X: https://x.com/dhh
DHH’s Website: https://dhh.dk/
Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/
37signals: https://37signals.com/
DHH’s books:
Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob
Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91
It Doesn’t Have to Be Crazy at Work: https://amzn.to/46bzuwx
Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:48) – Programming – early days
(26:13) – JavaScript
(36:32) – Google Chrome and DOJ
(44:19) – Ruby programming language
(51:30) – Beautiful code
(1:09:31) – Metaprogramming
(1:12:52) – Dynamic typing
(1:20:10) – Scaling
(1:33:03) – Future of programming
(1:50:34) – Future of AI
(1:56:29) – Vibe coding
(2:05:01) – Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language
(2:29:27) – Why managers are useless
(2:38:48) – Small teams
(2:44:55) – Jeff Bezos
(3:00:13) – Why meetings are toxic
(3:07:58) – Case against retirement
(3:15:15) – Hard work
(3:20:53) – Why we left the cloud
(3:24:04) – AWS
(3:33:22) – Owning your own servers
(3:39:35) – Elon Musk
(3:49:17) – Apple
(4:01:03) – Tim Sweeney
(4:12:37) – Fatherhood
(4:38:19) – Racing
(5:05:23) – Cars
(5:10:41) – Programming setup
(5:25:51) – Programming language for beginners
(5:39:09) – Open source
(5:48:01) – WordPress drama
(5:59:18) – Money and happiness
(6:08:11) – Hope
#473 – Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East
Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared.
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Mark’s X: https://x.com/mdubowitz
Mark’s Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/
Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Scott’s Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/
Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott’s Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:02) – Iran-Israel War
(16:45) – Iran’s Nuclear Program
(48:37) – Nuclear weapons and uranium
(1:00:40) – Nuclear deal
(1:26:14) – Iran Nuclear Archive
(1:48:50) – Best case and worst case near-term future
(2:24:15) – US attack on Iran – Operation Midnight Hammer
(2:47:48) – Nuclear proliferation in the future
(3:08:46) – Libertarianism
(3:21:35) – Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD)
(3:37:10) – Trump and Peacemaking process
(3:42:08) – WW2
(3:55:08) – WW3
#472 – Terence Tao: Hardest Problems in Mathematics, Physics & the Future of AI
Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript
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EPISODE LINKS:
Terence’s Blog: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/
Terence’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27
Terence’s Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:49) – First hard problem
(15:16) – Navier–Stokes singularity
(35:25) – Game of life
(42:00) – Infinity
(47:07) – Math vs Physics
(53:26) – Nature of reality
(1:16:08) – Theory of everything
(1:22:09) – General relativity
(1:25:37) – Solving difficult problems
(1:29:00) – AI-assisted theorem proving
(1:41:50) – Lean programming language
(1:51:50) – DeepMind’s AlphaProof
(1:56:45) – Human mathematicians vs AI
(2:06:37) – AI winning the Fields Medal
(2:13:47) – Grigori Perelman
(2:26:29) – Twin Prime Conjecture
(2:43:04) – Collatz conjecture
(2:49:50) – P = NP
(2:52:43) – Fields Medal
(3:00:18) – Andrew Wiles and Fermat’s Last Theorem
(3:04:15) – Productivity
(3:06:54) – Advice for young people
(3:15:17) – The greatest mathematician of all time
PODCAST LINKS:
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#471 – Sundar Pichai: CEO of Google and Alphabet
Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet.
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Sundar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/sundarpichai
Sundar’s Blog: https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/
Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/
Google’s YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Google
SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:55) – Growing up in India
(14:04) – Advice for young people
(15:46) – Styles of leadership
(20:07) – Impact of AI in human history
(32:17) – Veo 3 and future of video
(40:01) – Scaling laws
(43:46) – AGI and ASI
(50:11) – P(doom)
(57:02) – Toughest leadership decisions
(1:08:09) – AI mode vs Google Search
(1:21:00) – Google Chrome
(1:36:30) – Programming
(1:43:14) – Android
(1:48:27) – Questions for AGI
(1:53:42) – Future of humanity
(1:57:04) – Demo: Google Beam
(2:04:46) – Demo: Google XR Glasses
(2:07:31) – Biggest invention in human history
PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
#470 – James Holland: World War II, Hitler, Churchill, Stalin & Biggest Battles
James Holland is a historian specializing in World War II. He hosts a podcast called WW2 Pod: We Have Ways of Making You Talk.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep470-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/james-holland-transcript
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James’s Substack: https://james1940.substack.com
WW2 Pod (Podcast – Apple): https://apple.co/4l93Dl3
WW2 Pod (Podcast – YouTube): https://www.youtube.com/@wehaveways
WW2 Pod (Podcast – Spotify): https://open.spotify.com/show/34VlAepHmeloDD76RX4jtc
WW2 Pod (Podcast – X): https://x.com/WeHaveWaysPod
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:25) – World War II
(17:23) – Lebensraum and Hitler ideology
(24:36) – Operation Barbarossa
(40:49) – Hitler vs Europe
(1:02:35) – Joseph Goebbels
(1:12:29) – Hitler before WW2
(1:17:25) – Hitler vs Chamberlain
(1:39:31) – Invasion of Poland
(1:44:07) – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
(1:52:09) – Winston Churchill
(2:16:09) – Most powerful military in WW2
(2:38:31) – Tanks
(2:48:30) – Battle of Stalingrad
(3:01:21) – Concentration camps
(3:10:53) – Battle of Normandy
(3:24:45) – Lessons from WW2
PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips
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